The developmental stages of adolescence and adulthood

The breedingal dos of adolescence and adulthoodAs a process stage, adolescence is characterized by exponential and dramatic tangible milestones which enable an soul develop from childhood to adulthood. It is during this stage that secondary sexual characteristics emerge due(p) to a surge in production of testosterone in boys as thoroughly as estrogen in case of girls (Slee, 2002). These hormones continue cosmos produced until total maturation is achieved. Onset of adolescence and puberty begins aboriginal in girls than in boys though individual differences exist due to hereditary and environmental factors like diet or exercise. Rapid confuse up in weight and lift is achieved from as early as 9 eld and peaks at around 14 years.Girls develop breast buds during early adolescence with full breast instruction being achieved at around 12 to 18 years. Hair growth in the pubic bea and the armpits begins epoch the onset of menstrual closes (menarche) begins after two years of breast development. Girls accept a curvier consistency caused by development of more(prenominal) prominent hips. In males, cop development begins at the onset of adolescence with hair growth being exhibited on the face, pubic ara, chest, armpits and on the legs (Slee, 2002). Rapid increase in height and weight is in any case witnessed in adolescent boys. Appearance of nocturnal emissions also known as wet dreams at the ages of 13 and 17 years primarily marks the adolescence period in boys. The boys notice a appreciable enlargement of their sexual organs (i.e. testicles and scrotum). The lengthening of the penis closely follows this development. compound of the voice occurs almost along the same time as penial growth. A larger Adams apple then develops.Q2 Adolescences and cognitive development primal MilestonesAdolescence is marked with the development of formal logical operations which be more complex. This is unlike the cover operations witnessed in childhood. During of be after-hoursdly childhood, the kind of concrete development achieved, enables the children to think in concrete ways since the actions and nonethelessts performed during this stage burn down be evidenced or presented (Berger, 2004). A significant change is achieved during adolescence as the person is now able to undertake abstract cerebration whereby he/she thinks about possibilities. The adolescence is also able to think about the occurrence of thinking (i.e. why does a person think?). The magnate to derive ratiocination from already known principles and ideas characterizes this stage. Considerable amount of time is used to make the transition from concrete thinking to logical operations in a teenager. During adolescence, an individual is able to think systematically and derive logical solutions to a problem. Every developing teenager progresses at a personal whole tone thereby developing personal view of the world.Here logical coating of learning in particular whe n undertaking checkwork is effected. Adolescents are generally activated, and then when an unrestrained turmoil occurs, the teenager is unable to think in a complex manner. Before qualification decisions regarding a particular issue, the adolescent largely question authority as wellspring as pre-existing social standards. Adolescents form and verbalize their thoughts and forge their taste and preferences on such activities as the sports to play or the personal appearances to adopt. In middle adolescence, the persons cognitive development is adapt towards philosophical and futuristic concerns (Berger, 2004). Instances of extensive thinking and questioning are exhibited with the individual establishing their own identity. Individuals begin to systematically think about their afterlife goals and make plans to make the realization of the goals possible. During late adolescence, the individuals complex thinking is geared towards more global issues like political views, history or justice. Thoughts of the subroutine they forget play as adults as well as charge choices are exhibited during this period.Q3 Physical development primordial Milestones in former(a), Middle and late adulthoodAdulthood is not marked with personal and exceptional growth spurts. During early adulthood, the individual is transiting into adulthood from adolescence and continued physical growth is exhibited especially in shoulder width and chest width being exhibited. Early adulthood is a mark of adult life as body degradation has not started to occur (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008). The body experiences hormonal changes which whitethorn resolvent to increased body build. Middle adulthood is characterized by slow physical changes. A abundant passage of sensory sharpness is exhibited. For instance, there are some level of hearing and sight impairment. Sensitivity to light as well as far sightedness begins to emerge a go over which can be corrected by wearing glasses. Gaining of weight in the abdominal region occurs in men while womens hips and thighs increase considerably. During late adulthood, noticeable impairment is seen. The bone mass dwindles while fertility levels decline. Graying of hair as well as skin wrinkling is also evidenced. During late 40s and early 50s, women experience menopause whereby the ability to give birth again ends. hormonal levels also drop considerable. Due to thinning of cartilage bones located at the spinal vertebrae, the posture may change (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008). It is estimated that womens height shrinks by about 5cm while that of men by 2cm. Illnesses like heart diseases return due to build up of cholesterol level on the tear capillaries, The brain shrinks due to the diminishing blood supply.Q4 Cognitive development Key Milestones in Early, middle and late adulthoodCognitive development continues even during adulthood despite the continued brain aging. During early adulthood, alert experienced people continue to think and act rationally with a component of alertness. While acting in situations requiring memory and learning prowess, their output is soften than that of younger people. This is largely because of experience acquired while accumulating and organizing information (Howe Brainerd, 2009).During middle adulthood, cognitive abilities continue to improve. More adaptive and concrete thought line is exhibited inside the adult, making possible several rational decisions procedures regarding personal relationships, emotions as well as social issues. Late adulthood which occurs at about 65 years is marked with considerable decline in intellectual abilities. The ability to execute unfamiliar tasks or finding a solution to a complex problem becomes troublesome to the aging adult. Slowed response to situations and information is exhibited during this period. This is because of considerable reduction in mental as well as physical activity. Emotional crises like depression and stress also play a major rol e in cognitive decline in late adulthood (Howe Brainerd, 2009). Brain weight reduces thus casing considerable loss in speed and memory losses. This ultimately increases the formering and understanding levels of elderly people causing them to exhibit wisdom.Q5 Adolescence and Socioemotional development Key MilestonesBrain portion which controls emotions is developed and matured during adolescence. Adolescents exhibit spontaneous emotional outbursts especially when relations with peers as well as parents. This possesses a challenge especially to parents and teachers who may be overwhelmed on the manner in which to respond to such outbursts. A gradual process is undertaken in enabling the adolescents to learn how to replace the haywire thoughts as well as actions with behaviors which are goal oriented (Pulkkinen, et al 2006). A major conflict which exists in adolescents development is the eminent relish to obtain more freedom than that allowed by parents and/ or guardians. Accor ding to Socioemotional development theory by Erikson, this phase is marked by the improvement on a sense of identity when in a relationship. Adolescents also rely to have independent thoughts regarding their desires especially when focusing of their abilities and goals. Peer relationships are express by the adolescents since they are primarily looking for freedom from parental authoritativeness. much(prenominal) behaviors as drug and substance abuse and risky sexual behaviors are developed during this period. Adolescent association with deviant peers is common hence the reason why parents need maintain open communication with their adolescent children so as to know when their children risk being involved with such peers (Pulkkinen, et al 2006). Bibliotherapy especially in social groups where literature is used to arm the adolescents with information regarding the changes occurring in their bodies, is vital in helping the adolescent cope with emotional turmoil.Q6 Socioemotional de velopment Key Milestones in Early, middle and late adulthood abundant Socioemotional changes milestones are exhibited during adulthood characterized by forging newer social relationships as well as positions. Depending on personal experiences, the Socioemotional sentiment differs from one person to the other. much(prenominal) emotional activities as marrying, death, getting or losing a job, going to school or being abandoned by a spouse stomach to social development of individuals. During early adulthood, individuals decide on the doer bridle-path to follow and they devote considerable a lot of their time in followe their career path. Issues of love feature prominently during this period making many people want to establish their families. The thought of being parents is do evident during this period thus changes in personal and social preference emerges (Berk, 2004). Middle adulthood is characterized by a midlife crises phase. This period is characterized by individuals atte mpt to modify or even reappraising their lives as well as the relationships already formed. The level of satisfaction and contentment upheld during this period is highly dependent on the type of accomplishments achieved. For instance the kind of job, finances, family and sex life upheld determine whether the individual will be happy or not.During the late adulthood phase, the emotional maturity is evident in many adults. Active participation in political and social scenes is common. Majority of the people who were in formal habit retire during this period. Life satisfaction and esteem is high during this period owing the achievements acquired. People adopt an inward looking and conforming lifestyle and love interactions with other family members. Relationships become increasingly satisfying and fulfilling than any other period (Berk, 2004). According to Erikson, the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage is characterized by an increased interest in an individual to guide the development of the next generation. Through genuine care and productive social involvement individuals desires to produce something of real value which will positively impact on the hunting lodge thereby achieving Generativity. On the contrary, individuals who are self-centered and do not engage in activities beneficial to society suffer from stagnation contributed by their lack of productivity.