The Global Expansion Of Toyota Marketing Essay

The Global Expansion Of Toyota Marketing EssayUsing integrity specific partnership with which you ar familiar, examine the actual and potential impacts of world-wideisation on that company. Explain the springing behind the points you make. Evaluate possible st topical anestheticizegies leaving forward which the company might hire to respond to impacts of globalisation you surrender identified.Globalization so-and-so be described as a historic transformation in political, social, rescue and cultural diversity (J.H. Mittelman, 2001). The coupled Nations on the other hand to describe globalization as a excogitation that refers both to an increasing flow of candids and resources across national borders and to the emergence of tot eachy set of organizational structures to manage the expanding paywork of outside(a) economic activities and transactions (UNCTAD, 1997a, p. 70).In simple terms it is a process of interaction and desegregation among peoples, companies and di fferent countries. Which includes the corporate strategies, consumption patterns, regulatory capabilities and governance, technology, the globalization of monetary securities industrys, and socio-cultural processes. The globalization can be detected from the addition of manufacturing Foreign Direct enthronisation (FDI), and pecuniary capital flows. In todays business environment, most of companys activities are natur anyy flummox globally. Gradually, organizations digest recognized that globalization creates unlimited opportunities of humankindwide grocery store. n acetheless at the mean time, its also brings negative parts such as highly emulous environment and threats.On this paper, the Toyota Motor corporation cosmos chosen as reference company, where based on china foodstuff to identify what is exist and potential effect of globalization on business, and deliver the goods possible solutions for Toyota sustainable development. While, the PEST analysis tool provi de concur for Toyotas business situation analysing to explain how Toyota influence by political, social, economic, and technological.The transnational try (MNE).A transnational corporation (MNC), some(prenominal)times called a transnational corporation(TNC). Is a company that has home in home country just manages performance in other counties.In the past two decade, the multi-national corperation (MNCs) make fors a authority of monopoly, they were able to get business advantages from host country by exploitation the colonial power. In other word, they can get concessions from host countries by using home presidency activitys influence (Ohmae, 1995). Whereas, since the rapid step-up in orb trade and enthronization, this colonial power no longer existed. Instead, the world trade becomes to much agonistic. Most measurablely, the rising of global practice and thinking among companies and countries has made business interests and orientations more necessary than ever (Abbas, J. 2000).Background on ToyotaSince the rapid development of global integration the cable carmobile industry becomes whizz of the worlds most important economic sectors by r even offue. Toyota is one of re bearative multinational try in the world. Its established in 1937 by Sakichi Toyoda, till present day Toyota was conducts both domestic and global foodstuffing with 52 abroad manufacturing companies in 27 countries. Toyota commercialise and sold the vehicles approximate 7 one thousand thousand in more than 170 countries every year, ecumenical employees is 320.808 (Annual report, 2009). As a market leader Toyota holding 15 per cent market lot among all the other move brands (Business week, 2009).The key success element of Toyota is consignment to designing, engineering and do cars to every target market area. Due to this reason Toyota approach great impact from globalization the impact can be both negative and positive and differs by context such as new markets, cheaper location for investment, multi-choice of suppliers for stark(a) material and services, and cheaper labor cost. provided it can also carry the negative parts. First, the world automobile market is metamorphose in economic conditions continueing, and highly competitive environments in which Toyota operates. Second the market highly volatile. Last the global auto crisis was seriously hit buck Toyotas market profit.The Global Expansion of ToyotaIn 2008, Toyota to officially become world largest automaker, the rapid expansion is the important reason Toyota able to overtake GM as worlds top car firm. Toyota operated business across the entire world, which including gross gross gross sales vehicle in Africa and Russia and sales leader in Australia. Toyota were Launched Lexus and SCION in linked States and norther American market.Figure Toyota sales by region. (Source Toyota annual report, 2009)In recent years, Toyota has focus on global market expansion, especially, mai nland chinaware market. Be practice the leaning of Chinese consumption pattern is change.Toyota FDI in mainland China.China overtake coupled States become to new fdi destination by 2004. This is due to the China bankers acceptance reform and opening up insurance in the late 1970. Toyota believes that Chinas market is potentially as large as the U.S. Market. Toyota aims consistently increase investment in China to grow harvest-timeion capacity and add to harvest lineup along with begin to produce Camry at Guangzhou Toyota Motor Co., Ltd on May 2006.According to XinHua overbolds report that Toyota intend to invest around $700 million in its first fully-fledged research and Development base (RD) in China. Because, Toyota wants to increase the output signal in China.Since 2005, Toyota through the form of join-venture with Chinese company (FAW Group Corporation) to build first plant in SiChuan province until now, Toyota was invested to build seven plants in China, and a nonher s ix plants of Toyota also joint-ventures with FAW.Toyota establish oversea plant in response to incentives such as tariffs, reduction of turn over cost, andToyota production systemThe PEST analysis on ToyotaPoliticalThe auto industry is subject to various governmental rules and policies. The political environment of China does favor enterprises with foreign investment. According to Government policy 2009, the Chinese government levies low value on enterprise with foreign investment, and discriminative tax policies are offered to the sectors and regions where investment is encourage by the state. And the low tax policy reflected in one-third aspects income tax, circulation tax, and import-stage value-added tax. At the same time, the China government announced several preferential policies to encourage auto consumption, which include the people who reenforcement countryside can enjoy 10% subsidy of the original vehicle determine for their buy it. Second, the tax of purchase small -displacement vehicles was cut from 10% to 5% (Chinavestor, 2010). These preferential policies stimulated auto consumption significantly, and attract more foreign automobile company invest in China.On the other hand, government play the role of savior. For example, the government bailout policy in 2009, Toyota was require for emergency bring from the Japan Bank, with the amount of more than 3 billion US dollars. The employment of the emergency loan is to dealing with cash flow problem or some other cases.EconomicThe Peoples Republic of China is the second biggest prudence in the world (first is United States), and it is worlds fastest-growing economy as well with annual economic growth averaging nearly 9% over the last three decade. The role of China in the world are the factory of the world, because China provides a cheap labour cost, and low cost base for export-oriented production.The major(ip) advantage of Toyota is the strong cash specify. However, if compare with GM, Toyot a still existed weak faith ratings, rising health-care and pension costs, and losses in its automotive division. Toyota expects through use its strong cash position to expanding all over the world increase its commitment to RD.SocialThe population of China is beyond one billion, it is a largest country in the world by population. The households size 3.1, total households in China were 351,233,698, as we know the Toyota segmenting group is Households, usually, this group of people in China have middle or upper of income level with good education background age around 25 to 65.TechnologicalThe Toyota product line consist of Electric technology, Plug-in hybrids, All-electric vehicles, Cars, Pickup trucks, Luxury-type vehicles. Toyota is one of largest automobile companies to pass on hybrid vehicles in the market. Beside the production lineup, there are have one more important factor able to shapes technology adoption at Toyota plants, which are governments foreign investments control power. The business in China, Chinese government controls type of technological standards on firms operating in the country.The impact of globalization on Toyota.Operating in global market is a contend for Toyota. Even though the globalization created unlimited opportunities for Toyota, tho the adverse be active should not be ignore.The impact of commutation rates on Toyota.The money exchange rates are very powerful can demand trade investment, finance, tourism, oversea economic transactions, import and export expenses of goods and services.Toyota attaches great vastness to the fluctuation in foreign notes exchange rates and this is especially evident in fluctuation between the value of the Japanese pine, the U.S. dollar, Chinese Yuan, and the euro. The negative impact resulting from fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates may affect Toyotas global performance.The following defer illustrates Japanese smart per $1.00 during the periods displayFiscal Year Ended o r death March 31.At End of PeriodAverage(of month-end rates)( per $ 1.00)High low-spirited2005107.22107.28114.30102.262006117.48113.67120.93104.412007117.56116.55121.81110.07200899.85113.61124.0996.88200999.15100.85110.4887.802010(through June 19,2009)96.1596.82100.7194.45(Source Toyota annual report 2009)This table video displays that, the yen has been strong when deracination with US dollars.According to Toyotas annual fiscal statement, which clearly present a financial situation of Japanese yen are affected by translation risk and foreign currency transaction risk. The fluctuation of foreign currency change rates may affect the price of Toyotas products in global market and use foreign currencies to purchases materials. Since 2009, Japan central bank to show sign of Japanese yen will further appreciates against U.S. dollars. It can cause adverse effect to Toyotas reported operating results and financial condition. Because Japanese yen is rapidly, consistently appreciates agai nst other foreign currencies that will force Toyota to markup the price of all the export products. But the rapid increase value of Japanese yen can have favorable effect on material purchased, but it only inside of Japan. For Toyota oversea operations still suffered with high crude materials, and gasoline, due to the profit margins was fallen, when translated from dollars back to yen.The impact of consumer preferences on Toyota(Source Annual Repot, 2006)This table illustrate that, Toyota has build different product line across the China to fulfill local market demand.The consumer preferences are one of the most important factors shaping international production for Toyota. The trend of distinct national preferences is permeate every corner of the world. The homogeneity of preferences lead to Toyotas product reduces the benefits of manufactory in China, because of complicated relationship between car design and passings in consumer preferences as a typical example, the Ford prom ote new car Mondeo to the worldwide but the sales was not good as they expected, because Ford pretermit focus localizing production.In particular, after the second oil crisis, Toyota was enhance the production aims to provide an effective and creative production design to gain more market share in China (i.e., Toyotas Corolla produce by global platform and modified for different region to match consumers needs). But Toyota has ignored the preferences are not yet homogeneous across all of China, even in the target region, there are have several differences local tastes of demand. In contrast, the Hondas Accord is also use the global platform but modified the cars exterior body to different specific market area, thus, Honda has on the whole different automobile production line for each target market, i.e., the difference platforms between Japan, Thailand and China. Due to this reason Toyota fall into extremely passive position compare to other competitors.The Impact of United States Financial Crisis on Toyota .The United States financial crisis of 2007 has considered being the worst economic crisis since the 1930s great depression. The main factor trigger of the financial crisis was the United States real estate tattle was busted, caused property price tied by the value of securities, then the price of house was decline straightly, not only America this financial tsunami has wander to the entire world. Which contributed consumer lost approximate hundreds of billions of U.S. Dollar, several key businesses have failed, and the product line markets have fallen significantly. Obviously, the financial crisis has been hit down United States economy heavily even the bailout of banks by national government has measured. But the financial markets havent showed the sign of recovery.As biggest auto-maker in north America Toyota was faced an uncommon situation by the financial recession. The adverse results are largely, the vehicle sale hardest hit in northern America and Europe market with molt in sales of 673 thousand vehicles() especially, the sales of Toyotas luxury division Lexus was puke significantly.Moreover, increase price of crude oil and iron and steel raw material impact Toyotas operation, this fiscal year was drop 68 pct of benefits compare with previous fiscal year and according to Toyota annual report, the net profit loss of 4.2 billion U.S dollars (Toyota Annual Report, 2009). Last the financial market recession resulted negative impacts to Toyotas accumulation of capital. Due to the financial downturn, the organizations or financial institutions may unable to provide capital to the market.The impact from competitive environment to Toyota.Figureshare of U.S. Auto market. (Source)According to this pie chart, GM, which is 18.2%, is the biggest automaker in U.S. among all the motor corporations, then is Toyota with 15.8%, followed by Ford, making up 14.3% and the next glide slope is Chrysler at 12.1%. From the pie chart is obviou sly shows that the big three automaker are still the largest domestic producers which making up 44.6% market share.The United States market always has been a prime concern for Toyota.. Due to its trade liberalization, highly developed, market demand(U.S. Auto market is about ten times big than the Canadian market). Especially, the demanding of Toyota luxury division Lexus was increased in recent years.However the U.S. automotive market is highly competitive at least fifteen auto company was market their product in U.S. market. Toyota as a foreign brand faces intense competition from other competitors. The highly competitive business environment lead to cause lower vehicle units sales and inventory backlog. This caused Toyota downward price pressure. The factors influence competition including quality of product, post-purchase services, and reliability. However, Toyota faced unexpectedly quality problem with sudden unintended acceleration, which caused Toyota economic remedy nearly $7 billion, the 94,000 vehicles has been recalled.Sustainability development of ToyotaEstablishment of Global Special delegacy for Global Quality controlImplemented approaches to address a constipation in information gathering and information sharing practices between headquarters and the regional offices. These problem are seen to be the harmful side set up of the rapid globalization.The function of this committee are restructure the quality commission systemStrategies of interest rate swaps and localized in respond to fluctuation of Money exchange rate.In order to reduce the adverse affect of fluctuation foreign currency exchange rates, Toyota use some veritable derivative financial tool such as interest rate swaps and increase the target market production of localized. Likewise, increase the investment in target market to increase production capacity and build local raw material supply chain, that can as possible as minizing losses on currency translation. Nonetheless, the a dverse affect still existed, Toyota have to maintain a high level of vigilance the dynamics of international exchange market.Product diversification in respond to highly competitive auto market.In the highly competitive global business environment, endingIn todays global business environment multinational enterprise become more important, because countries adoption of opening oriented to promote the economic growth by attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The multinational enterprise plays the role of investor between countries. Whereas, the business environment will become more competitive follow with the increased FDI. As the world forth largest multinational enterprise, Toyota faced several affect from globalization, which can be classified as political, government regulations, economic environment, social lifestyle, and technological factors. Due to those of factor Toyota will continue to seek the way of sustainable development that use some strategy or approach to solve prob lems, such as, open a new market with innovative product. But there are not ensure Toyota will have a bright future.Car sales around the world in 2009 mostly down . The Truth about Cars. Retrieved 2010-09-09.Automobile Industry Introduction. Plunkett Research. 2008. Retrieved 2010-09-09.World Factbook Japan-Economy. CIA. 2010.09.05 Retrieved 2010.09.05Byars, L., 1991. Strategic Management, Formulation and implementation-Concepts and Cases. New York HarperCollinsJohnson, G., Scholes, K., 1993. Exploring bodied Strategy-Text and Cases. Hemel Hempstead Prentice-HallToyota, 2006. Geared toward Continuing Growth, Annual report 2005-2006. Japan TyoutaToyota., 2009. The Right track Forward, Annual Report 2009. Japan ToyotaToyota, 2010. Sustainability Report 2009-2010. Japan ToyotaEcPulse., 2010. Toyota to Invest $700 zillion for RD in China. General Forex News.online 22 November. for sale at Accessed 11 November 2010 scoop out CARS., 2010. Internal Toyota Documents Show Political Inf luence Lobbying.online(updated 22 February 2010) Available at Accessed 12 November 2010Ganz, A., 2010. TOYOTA BUILDING 7TH CHINA PLANT. onlibne LEFT LANE NEWS.online 21 June. Available atAccessed 12 November 2010Kulkarni, A., 2009. Positive Effects of Globalization. online Buzzle. Available atAccessed 16 November 2010The Development Principles Group., 2009. Economic Environment in China.online(updated 2009) Available at Accessed 16 November 2010Elizabeth, C. 2003. Chinas Environmental Challenge Political Social and Economic Implications.online New YorkCouncil on Foreign Relations(published 2003) Available atAccessed 17 November 2010Judy, Z., 2010. Chinas Auto Companies entrust the Legend of 2009 Continue?online(updated 05 May 2010) Available atAccessed 17 November 2010China Through A lens., 2009. What are the preferential policies offered to enterprises with foreign investment?online Available at Accessed 18 Novemberhttp//www.philforhumanity.com/Globalization_of_the_U.S.A..htmlhttp //ideas.repec.org/p/kie/kieliw/1093.htmlhttp//www.allbusiness.com/management/benchmarking-key-business-process-benchmarking/219142-1.htmlwww.wikinvest.com/industry/Auto_Makershttp//www.robroad.com/light-industry/index.php/financial-crisis-industry-japan/http//www.wikinvest.com/stock/Toyota_Motor_(TM)/Toyotas%20Operations%20Subject%20Currency%20Interest%20Rate%20Fluctuationshttp//www.moneycontrol.com/ word/world-news/japan-auto-sales-fallsept-india-strong_488274.htmlhttp//factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=930catid=24subcatid=157http//news.frbiz.com/financial_crisis_in_the_automobile-173677.htmlhttp//www.monstersandcritics.com/news/business/news/article_1448578.php/Toyota_cutting_costs_to_withstand_financial_crisis_sales_drophttp//www.themotorreport.com.au/11817/financial-crisis-prompts-toyota-to-cut-earnings-forecast

Alaska Airlines Flight Human Factors

Alaska Airlines course Human FactorsThe term gentlemans gentleman factors shtup be defined as some(prenominal)thing to do with humans. In aviation caution human conditions like stress, illness, complacency are important because if these factors are non taken care of can lead to smutty calamitys. Human factors in aviation indus endeavour have become more significant as over the time it has been realized that in most airborne accidents, human error is the main reason out(p) rather than mechanical ruin. Human Factors are too broad a definition for our understanding of its application in aircraft living. It focuses on a wide range of challenges faced by any human in his/her day to day personal or lord life and when combined how they can lead to human errors and ultimately to a fatal accident.This narrative is the case study of one such incident, Alaska Airlines Flight 261, a McDonnell Douglas MD 83, which crashed into Pacific Ocean near Anacapa Is set down, California vi olent death all 88 plenty on board. The National theodolite safe Board (NTSB) determines that the probable cause of this accident was a loss of woodworking tack pitch reassure resulting from the in- charge failure of the even stabilizer cleanly remains s caboodle jack assemblys point garner go. The thread failure was caused by overweening wear resulting from Alaska Airlines insufficient lubrication of the bang jack assembly (NTSB (2003). Loss of Control and come to with Pacific Ocean Alaska Airlines Flight 261. WASHINDTON, DC NTSB. 180.)After going through with(predicate) the accident and studying all the possible causes of this fatal accident it has been observed that it was the chain of events that led to one error after the other. The Cheese geological fault Model is used for analysis to inform the causes.CUsersYashikaDesktopswisscheese2.gifFig 1(http//www.aviation.unsw.edu.au/ab unwrap/articles/swisscheese.html)SYNOPSISAccording to NTSB report 2003, on Jan uary 31, 2000, rough 1621 Pacific standard time, Alaska Airlines flight 261, a McDonnell Douglas MD-83, N963AS, crashed into the Pacific Ocean about 2.7 miles conjugation of Anacapa Island, California. The 2 pilots, 3 cabin crewmembers, and 83 passengers on board were killed, and the carpenters skim off was destroyed by impact forces. Flight 261 was operating as a scheduled international passenger flight under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 121 from Lic Gustavo Diaz Ordaz International Airport, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, to Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, Seattle, Washington, with an intermediate hold in planned at San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco, California. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the flight, which operated on an cock flight rules flight plan. (NTSB. (2003). HISTORY OF FLIGHT. In NTSB Loss of Control and force with Pacific Ocean, Alaska Airlines Flight 261. WASHINDTON, DC NTSB. 1.)PROBABLE CAUSEThe Nationa l Transportation Safety Board carried out an intense investigation to find out what brought the flight 261 cut down and put togethitherd many reasons responsible for this accident. The NTSB report considered the main reason as the loss of sheet pitch control callable to the in-flight failure of the plain stabilizer slew system jackscrew assemblys acme testis threads. The thread failed because of excessive wear resulting from Alaska Airlines insufficient lubrication of the jackscrew assembly. NTSB reports also mentions about the design flaw of McDonnell Douglas MD-80 as it didnt have fail safe weapon to baffle the disastrous arranges of failure of acme nut threads. woodworking plane INFORMATIONThe McDonnell Douglas MD-83 is low wing, twin engine commercial aircraft. The horizontal stabilizer is mounted on top of the 18-foot-high vertical stabilizer in a T-tail configuration and controls the pitch movement of an aircraft. The horizontal stabilizer is about 40 feet long and its movement is provided by the jackscrew assembly, which consists of an acme screw and nut, a torque tube inside the acme screw, 2 gearboxes, motors an climb up and a essential trim motor, and associated components.CUsersYashikaDesktopAlaska 261 1.gifFig 2http//www.tailstrike.com/310100.htmThe movement of horizontal stabilizer is controlling either by robot pilot automatically when engaged or manually by the pilots by de-pressing either set of dual trim permutationes (located on each control wheel), moving the dual longitudinal trim handles on the center control pedestal, or moving the dual alternate trim control electrical switches on the center pedestal. Through these controls one of the dickens electric motors that rotate the acme screw by applying torque to the atomic number 22 torque tube that is held fixed inside the acme screw gets activated. When autopilot senses that the horizontal stabilizer has reached the desired pitch trim condition or when pilot commands are t erminated, or when the horizontal stabilizer reaches its maximum spark limits the motor is de-energized. The MD-80 horizontal stabilizers design limits are 12.2 leading edge down, which results in aeroplane-nose-up trim, and 2.1 leading edge up, which results in airplane-nose-down trim. In Alaska flight 261, horizontal stabilizers went beyond its design limit plunging the aircraft nose and rolling the plane to 360.ANALYSIS AND valuationThe captain and first officer of Alaska Flight 261 were highly able and see pilots of Alaska Airlines. There were no medical problems or any other medicine abuse that could have affected the performance of either pilot. The Alaska Airlines Flight 261 was dispatched in accordance with Federal aura Administration (FAA) regulations and approved procedures by Alaska Airlines. preliminary to take off and during the sign human body of the flight, the longitudinal trim control system was functioning patternly and did non record any problems solel y as they reached 23,400 feet pilots realized the horizontal stabilizer on tail plane was non moving and they immediately carried out a standard checklist to try and free the stabilizer. They try to troubleshoot the problem by repeatedly trying the two switches that operate the stabilizer. The primary motor is activated by both the switch on the control stick known as pickle switch and a longitudinal sliding handle on the pedestal tho both the systems were inoperative so they decided to disengage the autopilot and cut down the plane themselves. The throng stabilizer was pushing the nose of aircraft towards the ground and then it was taking lot of physical strength for the pilots to keep the plane at level altitude. Mean period they contacted ground maintenance to seek advice or if in that location is any hidden switch or system they are not aware of alone dint get any considerable help. As they were advance to the destination the problems got worst. For one more time pilots tried to free the jammed stabilizer by turning on both alternate and primary motors at same time. The plane plunged downwards for over a minute. Pilots tried to level the plane and they did with lot of efforts. They slowed the plane and informed Air trade Controller at Los Angeles and made a decision for emergency come at Los Angeles. They tried to contact the ground maintenance again just now they did not appreciate the significance of the situation and pilots had no appreciable advice from them. They slowed down the plane and headed towards Los Angeles when suddenly the jackscrew holding the horizontal stabilizer skint moving the stabilizer way beyond its aerodynamic limits. The aircraft plunged rapid losing altitude. It rolled 360 degrees and ultimately crashed into Pacific Ocean killing 5 crew members and 83 passengers onboard.After going through all the incident and report of NTSB, it is crystalize that it was not just the mechanical failure of jackscrew assembly but it w as a sequence of events that ultimately led to failure of acme nut threads which was paid off by the lives of 88 innocent people on board. Number of factors contributed to the crash of flight 261. The summative economicalal and organisational pressure led Alaska Airlines to increase the lubrication musical interval of jackscrew assembly and FAA precaution to those extensions and use of unapproved tools and measures. Along with these the maintenance staff falsified the records of work done when really the work wasnt done.This evaluation involves the use of Swiss Cheese Model to explain the chain of events like design flaw, inadequate maintenance, extended lubrication and end embolden check intervals and deficient maintenance procedures of Alaska Airlines that led the tragic end of Alaska airlines flight 261.The design of McDonnell Douglas MD-80 had major design flaw to it. The horizontal stabilizer jackscrew assembly did not have the fail safe mechanism to prevent the disastrous effects of failure of acme nut thread. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification procedures for DC-9 did not sufficiently considered the consequences of excessive wear in context to horizontal stabilizer jackscrew assembly. Designers of the system presumed that at least(prenominal) one set of the jackscrew assemblys acme screw and nut threads would always be sound and engaged to act as a load path. Therefore, the consequences of stripped acme nut threads and the corresponding effect on the airplane (including the possibility of the acme screw disengaging from the acme nut) were not considered in the design of the horizontal stabilizer trim system.After the accident the investigators recovered the wreckage from 700 feet underneath the sea. The horizontal stabilizer jackscrew assembly were strand intact and attached to the horizontal stabilizers front spar. The acme screw was found cracked but attached to the support assembly. Metallic filaments were found clad around the central part of the acme screw.Fig 3http//www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpostid=a406ede6-772f-4c84-a95f-410a0744a8caThe probable cause of this was the inadequate maintenance procedures of Alaska Airlines. In aviation intentness there is enormous pressure to maintain, rectify and deliver the plane on scheduled time to prevent the delay in departure of flight. The economic turn down in early 1990s had hit the companionship badly and they started to fly their fleets more intensively thereby sharply change magnitude the planes bonnie daily use and thus altering the maintenance intervals. The initial C-check interval of Alaska Airline was 2, five hundred flight hours. The recommended C-check interval according to MRB (Maintenance Review Board) report was either 3,500 flight hours or 15 months, whichever came first. In 1988, Alaska airlines extended its C-check intervals to either 13 months (which was about 3,200 flight hours, based on the average airplane utilization rate at Alaska Airlines at the time). In 1996, again the C-check interval was extended to 15 months (which was about 4,775 flight hours, based on the average airplane utilization rate at Alaska Airlines at the time). The task of lubrication of jackscrew assembly was to be accomplished in every B-check intervals which was increased to 500 hours in 1987 from 350 hours in 1985. However in 1988, Alaska Airlines removed B-checks and the entire tasks of B checks were conjoint with A-checks and C-checks. Lubrication of jackscrew assembly was due at every eighth A-check or every 12,000 hours of flight but in July 1966 the task of jackscrew assembly lubrication was removed from A-check and was placed on a time-controlled task beleaguer with time interval of 8 months. At that time there was no accompanying flight-hour limit and thus based on airplane utilization rates at that time, 8 months was about 2,550 flight hours.Also the investigators found widespread deficiencies within the Alaska A irlines maintenance procedures. Two years before, during the crashed airliners last whelm one of the lead mechanic at airlines Oakland maintenance facility had reproducible the jackscrew for this particular aircraft. He then went off shift and his testimonial was over ruled by the next shift personnel and the plane was put back to service. It would be 2 years for the next due overhaul but the time ran out and flight 261 faced the fatal consequences.Fig 3http//www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2002/AAR0201.pdfAlong with extended intervals Alaska Airlines changed the lubrication grease from Mobilgrease 28 to Aeroshell 33 even after McDonnell Douglas didnt approve it completely. Alaska Airlines notified FAA about this change but FAA dint do to this change until the flight 261 accident after which it disapproved the use of grease Aeroshell 33. not only this, the maintenance personnel at Alaska Airlines were not trained the right way for the lubrication task. It was evident when in interv iew with the mechanic responsible to carry out the lubrication task stated that the lubrication task took about 1 hour, whilst Boeing documents and testimony give tongue to that, when properly done, the task should take more than 4 person hours. fractional small access panel (include in design flaw), important elderberry bush managers positions vacant for 2 years, missing records. ..Page no 171 of NTSB report. FAA oversightCONCLUSION side by side(p) can be concluded from the above analysisThe flight crew on Alaska flight 261 was fully qualified and had received sufficient gentility as per the federal regulations. Both the pilots did not have any preexisting medical conditions that could jeopardize with flights safety.The flight 261 was dispatched in accordance with the FAAs regulations and Alaska airlines procedures.The weight and match of the plane was within the limit.Weather was not the factor for the accident and there was no evidence of fire or bird impact or any other fore ign object damage.Both the engines were functioning normal during the flight.Air traffic control personnel was properly certified and qualified for the respective jobs.The horizontal stabilizer was functioning normally during the initial phase of flight but jammed at 23,400 feet. Neither the pilots nor the ground maintenance staff could understand the reason for this jam.The worn threads inside the horizontal stabilizer acme nut were incrementally sheared off by the acme screw and were completely sheared off during the accident flight. As the airplane passed through 23,400 feet, the acme screw and nut jammed, preventing further movement of the horizontal stabilizer until the initial dive.As there was no checklist present to land as soon as possible and the circumstances confronting the flight crew, their decision not to return to Lic Gustavo Diaz Ordaz International Airport, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, immediately after recognizing the horizontal stabilizer trim system malfunction was understandable.The flight crews use of the autopilot while the horizontal stabilizer was jammed was not appropriate.The flight crews decision to distinguish the flight to Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, California, rather than continue to San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco, California, as to begin with planned was apposite. Alaska Airlines dispatch personnel appear to have attempted to square off the flight crew to continue to San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco, California instead of comical to Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, California.There was no effective lubrication on the acme screw and nut interface at the time of the Alaska Airlines flight 261 accident.

Concepts and Definitions in Operational Management

Concepts and Definitions in Operational Management uncertainty 1 financial aid OPERATIONAL concernOperational attention refers to managing the trading trading operations of an physical com order. Managing the operations room to manage the resources and come up the policies and procedures of whatever boldness. The basic and most Coperni plenty operation of management is to movement the inputs into outputs to get desired results. The meaning of operational management contains words i.e. resources, systems, regeneration or transformation and outputs. (Business)These words can be explained as -RESOURCESResources be the man, substantive and money in the organization. Man or staff is the major or key requirement in an organization. Material is also real important because without availability of material labor can non be possible. And money or capital is required for hiring staff and for purchasing the birthday suit material so that the raw material can be converted in to finished merchandises through employment.SYSTEMS in that respect is a system which both company has to fol belittled. Every organization has some policies and procedures which helps the organization to achieve their endings and helps in utility maximization. If the work through in an organization is accord to the plan wherefore it helps in attaining the goal of the company. Planning is the first and important step of management. Without planning no other function can be performed in an organization.CONVERSIONConversion means converted the inputs (i.e. the raw material) into outputs (i.e. finished goods). In an organization raw material can be converted into work in get on with and then into finished goods. When the material is transformated from inputs to outputs then this process is cognize as productivity.OUTPUTSOutputs are the final results which each organization gets after conversion of inputs into finished products. If the think of of outputs is greater than th e make up of inputs utilise then we can say that the determine is added to product thus the output helps in increasing profits of company. (outputs)THE strategic ROLE OF OPERATIONS -CUSTOMER SATISFACTIONThe basic objective of operating systems is to action the guests by giving them better products at low cost and by giving them better services than other companies . Consumers can be well-off if the products are not too costly and available on meter. (Understanding operations management)RESOURCE UTILISATION some other major objective of operating systems is to utilize resources for the satisfaction of customer wants effectively. Customer service must be provided with the achievement of effective operations through efficient use of resources. Inefficient use of resources or undermanned customer service leads to commercial failure of an operating system.EFFICIENCYAnother objective of operational management is efficiency. susceptibility is must in any organization .Higher ef ficiency helps in slight wastage of resources. If the resources are not blow then it will lead to less per unit cost of mathematical product. Efficiency helps in specialization of staff.QUALITYQuality is also another important objective of operational management. Every customer wants a product which is very good in quality and also with less cost. Quality helps in satisfying the customers and if the customer is satisfied then effective relation can be build between consumers and organization.ADAPTABILITY if the cadence and quality of the product is upto the make out and also the price of the product is affordable then that product is survived in long run that means the product helps for future survival of the company.Question 2 Answer Production means step-by-step conversion of raw material into work in progress and from work in progress into finished goods. Production is an important and essential function of any organization. Without doing intersection no organization can su rvive or remain existing. sorting OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMProduction systems can be classified as Job-shop, surge, chain reactor and nonstop production systems.Job-Shop Production When only one product or a few quantity of products are manufactured and the product which are produced is as per the specification given by the customers then that type of production is known as Job shop production. (products-services)AdvantagesIt helps in availability of more mixture of products.It helps in improving the skills of the employees.to a greater extent creative ideas of employees can be used in this method of production system.LimitationsMore staff is required as the productiin is few.High time consumed in less production.Production planning is complicated.More wastage of resources resulting in high-pitcheder per unit cost of production.Batch Production When the production is done in lots or batches then this productionis known as batch production. In this type of production the lots are n ot producing interminably but in limited quantity. (production-system)Advantages price per unit is low.Batch production helps in job satisfaction.It helps in better utilization of resources.It requires low investments for production as the production is not done in hatful quantity.Limitations Handling of material is very difficult.More material is required hence more wastage of resources.Mass Production When the production is done in flock quantity and continuous then that type of production is known as mass production. In this type of production the machines are arranged in a cast.AdvantagesPer unit cost of every production is low.Less time is consumed in producing bulk quantity.With less material quantity higher production can be done.Mass production helps in less wastage of resources.LimitationsMass production requires higher investments and resources.If the machine used in producing bulk quantity is damaged or breakdown then whole production line will be stopped.Continuous Production When the production is done continuously i.e. the production starts from using the raw material and ends with finished products. This type of production is done when the handling of material is fully automated. (continuous-production-system)AdvantagesLess time is consumed in producing more units.It helps in more utilization of available resources.It helps in less wastage of resources.Per unit cost is low in continuous production.DisadvantagesIt requires very high investment.If manufacturer want to do any change in any product then it is not posdible.Question 3 After critically evaluating the key operational prys, discuss which can be applied to management of service operations of Ryanair for the proactive management of customer experience. 15 MarksAnswer What is a lever? levers are initiatives that a client can insure in order to incur the desired impact. There is usually a limitless number of things a company can consider trying in order to improve their business. (Industry week)Five key levers to productivity return every dayThere are Five key levers for every day improvement. These levers can be explained as 1. Cost anatomical structureCost structure is a method of determine how much it will cost a company to manufacture a product and how much profit will be recognized from manufacturing a product. It is very important to structure or manage the cost. So that the per unit cost of a product decreases and profit from that product increases. If the cost of the final output is more than the cost of the input then it can be said that the value is added to the product.2. governance of workIn any organization if the working of the organization is according to the plans and policies then this also helps in better utilization of resources and helps in achieving of organisational goals. This helps in restructuring of an organization. (aggregate-sales-and-operations-planning)3. Business processesBusiness process is a collection of related structur ed activities that produce a specific product for a particular proposition customer. This lever contains work as a team and if the employees of the company are worked together without any chaos then it helps in improving the position of business because it is very important for every organization to work in cordinating with the employees. 4. Knowledge managementKnowledge management means managing the knowledge and training of an organization. Knowledge management helps in improving the performance of the company. With this lever an organization can do more innovations results in providing better products to consumers than their competitives. It also helps in continuous improvement of the organization.5. Information Technology (IT)It is the application of computers to store,study and manipulate the selective information or information of the business. Business need to take charge of this lever and starts IT in its process. IT helps in storing and saving the data or information of an y enterprise and that information can be used whenever it is required. This will help in reducing paper work in the organization.CONCLUSIONThere are several levers which helps in improving everyday business works. These levers has to be integrated into business as soon as possible to drive the desired impact. These levers helps in achieving of organization objectives efficiently and effectively and improves the working of the organization.Referencesaggregate-sales-and-operations-planning. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//museum-madness.blogspot.co.nz/2011/12/aggregate-sales-and-operations-planning.htmlBusiness. (n.d.). Retrieved from https//www.boundless.com/business/textbooks/boundless-business-textbook/operations-management-10/introduction-to-operations-management-69/a-study-of-process-328-7195/ https//www.boundless.com/business/textbooks/boundless-business-textbook/operations-management-10/introduction-to-operations-management-69/a-study-of-process-328-7195/continuous-production-syst em. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//kalyan-city.blogspot.co.nz/2012/02/types-of-continuous-production-system.htmlIndustry week. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.industryweek.com/growth-strategies/levers-mastering-marginsoutputs. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.open.edu/openlearn/money-management/management/leadership-and-management/understanding-operations-management/content-section-3.3production-system. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//kalyan-city.blogspot.co.nz/2012/02/what-is-production-system-definition.htmlproducts-services. (n.d.). Retrieved from https//www.archives.gov/preservation/products/definitions/products-services.htmlUnderstanding operations management. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.open.edu/openlearn/money-management/management/leadership-and-management/understanding-operations-management/content-section-3.4

Surveillance And Dataveillance in governments

Surveillance And Dataveillance in goernmentsIntroductionIt has become very common suffice for the G everyplacenments to keep and determination public information for the betterment and quality of serve provided. Different information systems are in custom which involve selective information closely the people. For better use of public information, it is necessary to reliably cuss the data with specific persons. An effective and efficient denomination system should be established and maintained. Information technology has remarkably progressed in human realisation system. It is very easy to identify and proctor a person with the avail of modern IT cocks.They key ch in all in allenge for the supervising g all overnment is to develop acknowledgment and monitor program which should be practicable and economic to address the issues. These programs should start high integrity to solve the problems faced by the governments regarding human identification and monitoring. The special concern in this regard is the threat to personalised secrecy that the human identification and monitoring programs presents. If these programmers are introduced energetically, the reaction of social framework may be threatened. Surveillance and dataveillanceWhat is charge?Surveillance involves keeping eonian watch over souls or a premise, the purpose of this activity locoweedful be to spy, supervise or to control. It assists in collecting information about the individuals sustainment, contacts and activities (Clarke 1988, p.499).The main form of surveillance is cognise as physical surveillance which is ultimately watching and auditory modality. The current technologically advanced world assists greatly in surveillance, as it provides top monitoring devices much(prenominal) as unseeable binoculars, field glasses, light amplifiers satellite cameras, and sound amplification devices analogous guiding microphones to easily monitor from a greater distance and at every time of the day. at that place are in like manner roughly puff up-known ways much(prenominal) as communications surveillance which involves taping the phone or bugging a premise, which allows you to listen and be aware of the individuals whereabouts and their associates and intended plans (Clarke 1988, p.499).Surveillance these eld provide profound insight into ones life and by collecting data from other sources as well a complete history of past and present of that individual go off be created. This holds the holder of this information such as the government or an agency great control over the individual (Clarke 1988, p.499).What is dataveillance?Surveillance involves the monitoring of an individual through watching and listening utilise modern technology. Dataveillance on the hand is monitoring by accessing and rendition through personal and confidential data of an individual by using advanced information technology tools. This involves accessing their bank acc ount details, credit tantalize purchases, GPS on their cars and mobile, emails and internet browsing to get an insight into their personal lives. Dataveillance is the dissolver of evolution of technology, as we become more and more dependent on technology it is creating an opportunity for others to invade our loneliness and monitor our every move (Clarke 1988, p.499).Government agencies lots use dataveillance to prevent terrorist attacks and other heinous crimes. There are two types of dataveillance that are common personal and mass dataveillance (Clarke 1988, p.499). ain dataveillance its benefits and dangersPersonal dataveillance is the monitoring of a targeted individual for a particular reason. This privy involve monitoring by a government agency like the police or tax department to find evidence of crimes connected or where stolen money is hidden. This evidence jakes be and so(prenominal) be utilise in court to prosecute the individual. This form of dataveillance is v aluable to the authorities as it provides them with evidence and information that can non be easily obtained through manual investigation and interrogation techniques. (Clarke 1988).Dataveillance is used heavily in chasing fugitives, prosecuting criminals and tracking terrorists. A current example is how dataveillance was used to eliminate Al Qaida leader Osama put in Laden. While Osama Bin Laden was aware of dataveillance techniques and avoided all activities that wouldve led to him universe tracked, his associates used technology and were able to be tracked. That is how one of his couriers was tracked when he made phone calls on behalf of the Al Qaida leader. This led to his demise and highlights the brilliance of dataveillance in tackling terrorism. From identifying terrorist cells around the globe to using high tech drones to monitor Afghanistan for terrorist activities, it is a valuable ally to the government. It excessively helps local authorities carry down cyber predat ors and bullies as well as identity fraud. This was the case in America when a high earning Wall Street employee was caught for insider trading. Dataveillance not but is used by authorities but also by businesses and individuals. Businesses can track employees activities such as internet usage and time checks to figure employees are working efficiently. It can also be used in risk management to detect and prevent errors and fraud to better shelter their business. Individuals can also use dataveillance to a degree such as using GPS on a car to see where a family outgrowth has travelled and what websites the kids are browsing. It offers families a form of security and control.Businesses and individuals go away not all use the personal dataveillance in the reclaim manner. Personal dataveillance is also a originatorful weapon that can be used to win power over another entity. Confidential secrets can be exposed and be used to blackmail an individual. It can be used to stubble a particular person or locate fewone to terms physically. In the wrong hands it can becomes a great tool to continuously have access to the intended target and that perspective just is frightening (Clarke 1988).Since dataveillance is more in terms of monitoring data so the actual person, it provides room for wrong identification. If wrong identification isnt detected then an innocent person may be prosecuted or much worse if at that place were bad intentions for monitoring that individual. If there are errors in the personal dataveillance technique then it would lead to ill-informed decisions (Clarke 1988).Dataveillance can be used banishly by business in sure areas such as hiring employees. sometimes to better know the candidate, they can view social network sites such as Facebook to understand the candidate. This can lead to a false indicant of their character and can result in not being hired. Facebook is used by millions of people and it has access to each of their pers onal details and lives. If this database isnt protect someone can come in and access these valuable information and exploit them at will. (McIntosh et al). An example is that of Julian Asange who had used dataveillance techniques to monitor and recuperate high level government documents and made them public. Furthermore personal dataveillance of an individual without their consent is illegal. While the government agencies are excused as they bring about these monitoring techniques to ensure our safety. However for businesses and individuals if caught tracking an individual without their consent, it can be punished by law as it is a breach of ones silence. good deal dataveillance its benefits and dangers green goddess dataveillance is monitoring of a certain(a) large multitude in order to identify an individual who belongs to that certain group. It is controversial as it is a form of profiling based on race, gender and religion and all are targeted, even though there is no ind ecision to unloosen monitoring them. It involves identifying members of the entire population that belong to a specified group and then using techniques similar to that of personal dataveillance except all data trails despite them being not important are followed up in the hope it could lead to someone of interest. (Clarke 1988).The benefits of this form of surveillance is that it is most liable(predicate) that the person of interest will belong to that group hence monitoring just that group will be more efficient then looking through the entire population. It is used by authorities such as the government and police as well as some businesses. Mass dataveillance can be summed up as a spellbind hunt while personal dataveillance is more targeted to an individual and does not allude other people. Mass dataveillance leads to discrimination and false accusations. Businesses may target a certain group of their employees as they suspect they could be up to some wrongdoing. Individuals can be closely monitored simply for the fact they belong to certain group of people. This type of surveillance has been used heavily in certain eastern countries but now it is also seen in western countries as a result of increased terrorism. However this shows how ones concealing can be invaded if necessary by higher authorities even when they maybe innocent. sort of mass dataveillance is used to arise suspicion rather than monitor individuals of suspicion like personal dataveillance. (Clarke 1988).The first and far most threat of dataveillance is to the privacy and identity of individuals and as a society as a whole. Mass surveillance has been criticized on more grounds like violation of privacy rights, illegality and for prevention social and political isolateddom.Importance of silence retirement can be defined as a persons right to be leftfield alone and one of the most valued right by free people (Craig 2006). Privacy is peoples right to make their own decisions regarding private matters and it is peoples right to live their lives secluded from public inquiry (Craig 2006). Privacy is important for diverse perceptions. They are Philosophically This is the concept of human dignity and integrity, as well as the notions of individual autonomy and self-determination. This is the notion and importance of Human rights. psychologically The peoples fate for private space. Sociologically The peoples need to behave freely and to transmit with other people without having the threat of being observed. Economically The peoples need to plan without surveillance. Politically The peoples need to be free to act, think and argue without surveillance.(Clarke 2006) broadly speaking interpreted privacy is an individuals integrity and then includes every characteristics of an individuals social need (Clarke 2006). Using Maslows Hierarchy of Needs privacy can be illustrated in the following categories (Clarke 2006) Privacy of the person It is also known as bodily privacy. It is the integrity of a persons body and comes under the Physiological and Safety call for in Maslowian Hierarchy. It is broadly known as a persons freedom from badgering and his right to medical treatment. Privacy of personal behaviour It is also known as media privacy and comes under belonging and self-esteem needs in Maslowian Hierarchy. It relates to peoples personal lives and not to be observed. Privacy of personal communications It is also known as interception privacy and comes under belonging and self-esteem needs in Maslowian Hierarchy. It is an individuals right to communicate with other people without being observed. Privacy of personal data It is also known as data privacy and comes under belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization needs in Maslowian Hierarchy. It is an individuals right to control over his data even in the hands of a third party.(Clarke 2006) exclusively means of dataveillance deter the concept of privacy of individuals and soci ety as a whole. One cannot perform well if he is being watched all the time. bulk do not feel themselves safe as this watch over can be used in a negative way. Dataveillance can harm the privacy and identity of the individuals and the society in the following ways1. The main and direct threat of dataveillance is that no actual people are always observing our data. It is mostly computer systems that collect and link the applicable data. Also it is very likely that computer systems can make mistakes and give information that is incorrect. These mistakes are mostly overlooked as there are no people monitoring this data. This can create a point of other problems like identifying wrongly people into different categories according to his data collect. For example a person using his personal computer to seek on terrorism for a project can be categorize into a group of highly watched individuals. In this example the individual is wrong identified and will have problems trying to oppo se being brand as a terrorist.2. The next threat of dataveillance is the quality of the data. Currently there are no standards concerning the quality of the data that are collected in the dataveillance systems. People or companies that collect data normally use tuppeny and easy forms dataveillance technology to reduce their costs. This is due no standards on the technology used for dataveillance. The data collected by these cheap technologies are usually low quality data and therefore may contain many errors and could put an individual in unnecessary dangers. Also most individuals are unaware that their data is collected and therefore will not be able to oppose these facts.3. Another important threat is that the data collected on an individual can be misinterpreted and is more likely if all the relevant data is not thoroughly checked. People or a computer system is not going to do extensive query as to whether the data collected is correct in that circumstance and therefore will o nly show the immediate facts. These days online marketing technology instantaneously collects, enhance and aggregate the data. This creates lots of problems for consumer privacy.(Donahue, Whittemore, Heerman)ConclusionDataveillance has two sides on one side, it apparently offers speed, security, and safety on the other, it unnecessarily exposes individuals to potential threats for privacy. Privacy is a privilege that most people take for granted. It is simply thought of as a source of God given right that we, as human being, are entitled to, the right to have our own space, to be safe, and to be left alone. The increased use of dataveillance has been found very helpful on many occasions and no one regret the positive aspects of dataveillance. For example as mentioned above it was most probably dataveillance techniques that led to the sidesplitting of Osama Bin Laden which reflects the positive highlights of dataveillance. However the main concern for the use of dataveillance techn ology is that it has no standards or regulations. In addition, because of its perceived benefits, the worrisome aspects are usually overlooked. This perhaps sheds light on why resistance is often lacking or simply fails. It is important in the early stages of twenty-first century, for citizens to ask collectively whether the negative aspects of dataveillance are likely to be palliate or eliminated if present trends continue. If as a concerned citizen, we feel the negative effects of dataveillance will not be mitigated if we continue on the current path then we must move collectively outside from trying to maintain an ever-weakening illusion of privacy, and shift to offensive, by demanding accountability of those whose power is enhanced by dataveillance. Therefore it is only when standards and regulations are adopted will individuals be able to enjoy privacy and freedom.

America Needs More Government Programs to Pull Children Out of Poverty

The face of poverty is changing in the unite States. When someone mentions that a person is aliment in poverty, we ar inclined to think of a bum living on the street, eating at shelters, and using some(prenominal) money they nourish for alcohol, drugs and tobacco. Usually we visualize this person as creation a middle-aged male with drab clothing and a foresightful beard. This description may have fit the average person living in poverty or on the street a few years ago, but it is no longer a correct generalization. kidskinren are the face of poverty in 2015. These children have unforesightful chance to move up out of the lifestyle they are born into. Many of these children are born to teenage girls. The economic states of these mothers and their lifestyles many times put these children in a place of poverty at birth with little hope. The children as well as their parents are in need of assistance in order to stop the growing problem of child homelessness and poverty. There ar e many different opinions and ideas on how to deal with this problem and attend to these unfortunate children and their families. Unfortunately many of these programs are unsuccessful and do little to help while others are successful in combating the problem and rattling helping the children in need.First, I will describe the programs that have been unable(p) and we must avoid. The first of these would be ignoring the problem and hoping it goes away. The problem is not waiver to go away. In fact, the numbers of poverty-stricken children are increasing rapidly. If we do not do anything to help these children, we could miss out on abundant scientists, future doctors, and many other contributions to society that these children are capable of making. Also, we have to remember that these children di... ...times it seems unfair that we are paying to support other people. It is overpriced to try and care for all the poverty-stricken children, but it is something that is well pri ce the effort. We have to take the time to find out what works and w hat does not. After all, it is the future-our children- that we are trying to save. Works CitedWood, David. subject of Child and Family Poverty on Child Health in the United States. Effect of Child and Family Poverty on Child Health in the United States. N.p., 14 Mar. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2014.Sources Consulted11 Causes of Teen Homelessness. Do Something. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.11 Facts About Homeless Teens. Do Something. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.Main, Thomas. How to Think About Homelessness equilibrate Structural and Individual Causes. Springer Link. N.p., Jan. 1998. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.

Point of View in Eudora Welty’s A Visit of Charity Essay -- Visit Char

Point of View in Eudora Weltys A reckon of Charity E precise now and then touch of descry is worth writing about, because only every now and then is point of view actually seriously considered. In Eudora Weltys A Visit of Charity, the third-person limited point of view of the little girl, Marianher self-consciousness, descriptions, and fear on the nose portray what a little girl might experience in a nursing home. To Marian, this is probably the first time in a nursing home. She is there exclusively because she wants to gain points when asked who she would like to visit, Marian simply states, any of them will do. She brought flowers simply because they added a point, and hid her apple outside quite a than have it accidentally considered to be a gift. Marian is a very self-conscious girl she is deftly aware of all the point set associated with the visit and is habiliment the same cap that all the little girls were wearing that year. While actually visiting the ladies, she is v ery afraid, as a progeny girl might be in a strange place, still is still mindful of her own affairs ...

Knowledge Sharing in a Multi-cultural Setting Essay -- Comparative, Kn

In recent decades, the importance of noesis concern to an judicature has been recognised by the society, and leaders are more likely to introduce it into the management systems of their organizations, yet Wang and Noe (2010) claimed that the success of knowledge management initi anyy depended on knowledge overlap, which was the fundamental of communication between employees. Hence, these questions leave behind be aroused that what nominate influence knowledge sharing and how it can be influenced. This paper will lease a comparative review of two published studies, which are Knowledge sharing in a multi-cultural setting a parapraxis study (Ford & Chan, 2003) and Knowledge sharing and team trustworthiness its all about social ties (Wang et al., 2006), both authors have answered the questions ahead on the ass of their studies. But while both of them give us explicit conclusions and generally support that knowledge sharing has a connection with social relationship, in that re spect are clear goings in the approach each takes to the study. Dr. Dianne P. Ford, who has published in the Handbook on Knowledge Management, illustrates a result that cross-cultural loss is an obstacle to touch knowledge and there is a slight difference between intra-cultural knowledge sharing and inter-cultural knowledge sharing using event study and data analysis. (Ford & Chan, 2003) Dr. Wang and his colleagues seem to be more interested in the relationship between knowledge sharing and trust. They use the same methodology with Dr. Ford in the course of research to claim that trust plays an grievous role in knowledge sharing, but it likewise can be substituted by social tie and network in some circumstantial context. (Wang et al., 2006) This paper is organized as follows.... ...g the view that when people meet a person they are not familiar with, they wont chew up too much, so there is little knowledge sharing. Unless after a while, a belief relationship built between them, they will share more knowledge. A social tie or network, I think, is wholly a bridge to bring people to meet others, but have not reached the high level of substituting trust.Same with Ford and Chan, Wang et al. also use case study methodology and data analysis. But opposed the previous who choose the best site for the research, they use Wangs working(a) place, a technology research and development institution in mainland China as the study site. (Wang et al., 2006) Therefore, all the study is about the knowledge sharing within an innovation team, which is a certain component of the whole organization or the society, greatly limits the scalability and extensibility of the results.

Utopian Society in Shakespeares The Tempest :: essays research papers

The study of Shakespeares The Tempest raises many questions as to its interpretation. Many reckon that this fly the coop shows Shakespeares views on the colonization of the impertinent world whereas separates believe that this is a play astir(predicate) the ever tortuous Utopian Society. I believe that this is a play about the European views of society and savagery at that time. I also believe that, if this is true, the play doesnt portray a conventional view of subjective peoples. Shakespeare shows this by having Prospero, the rightful duke of Milan and Usurping ruler of the island, call Caliban, A devil, a innate(p) devil on whose nature nurture can never devil but then having Miranda, Prosperos daughter, say I pitied thee, took pains to pull back thee speak, taught thee each hour one thing or another.Prospero is saying that Caliban is a savage who can not be educated, yet we hear that Miranda has taught him to speak, amongst other things. This gives a conflicting view ove r the character of Caliban. Is he an risky savage or is he a normal human organism?The treatment of Caliban could be seen as a representation of the colonisation of the refreshed world, (The Americas) and the treatment of the native Americans. However, the critic Meradith Anne Skura believes the opposite, We have no external indicate that seventeenth century audiences thought the play referred to the new world. This interpretation of the play places more emphasis upon the character of the spirit Ariel, who could also be considered as a native of the island. Prospero frees Ariel from a tree and then enslaves the spirit to do his bidding under the promise of total freedom.Calibans main livery (1.2.331-344) reveals the nature of his enslavement and treatment, Here you sty me in this hard rock, whiles you do keep me from the reprieve othisland. Though it is not clear, it seems to me as though Prospero has imprisoned Caliban in a cave and is keeping him from the rest of the island. The reason for this treatment is much clearer , as Prospero tells us, I have utilise thee, filth as thou art, with human care, and lodged thee in mine admit cell, till thou didst seek to violate the honour of my child. This tells us that Caliban has act to rape Miranda at some point and that Prospero treated Caliban much crack before the attempted rape occurred.

Robert Frost :: essays research papers

Robert Frost was born in San Francisco in 1874. He moved to newly England at the age of cardinal and became interested in reading and writing poetry during his high inform years in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He was enrolled at Dartmouth College in 1892, and later at Harvard, entirely never earned a formal degree. Frost drifted done a string of occupations afterward leaving school, working as a teacher, cobbler, and editor of the Lawrence Sentinel. His first professional poem, "The Butterfly," was published on November 8, 1894, in the New York newspaper The Independent.In 1895, Frost married Elinor Miriam White, who became a major inspiration in his poetry until her death in 1938. The couple moved to England in 1912, after their New Hampshire farm failed, and it was abroad that Frost met and was influenced by such coeval British poets as Edward Thomas, Rupert Brooke, and Robert Graves.There are probably three things that account for Robert Frosts poetry. In his poems, he uses familiar subjects, same(p) nature, people doing everyday things and simple lyric to express his thought. His poems may be easy to read, merely not unavoidably easy to understand. Almost all of Frosts poems are hiding a deep message. He easily can say two things at the equal time. For suit, in "The Road not Taken", Frost talks around beingness a traveler, but the hidden message is nearly decisions in life. In lines 19 and 20, he expresses that he did the right thing, by choosing to go down the path that made the difference. Also, "in Birches", lines 48-59, it shows that the poem is slightly being carefree. Frost wishes he could be like the boy swinging from the birchen trees. The poem sets the picture of a boy swinging from the tree branches, but he really is talking about being carefree. He says that macrocosm is the right place for love. He says that he doesnt know where he would like to go better, but he would like to go swinging from the birches .Another example of symbolic description comes from the poem "Desert Places" he talks about how he will not be scared of the desert places, but of the loneliness. He is scared of his own loneliness, his own desert places.Most of Frosts poems are about nature. All three of the mentioned poems are about nature. In "The Road Not Taken" he talks of the woods and paths to follow (line1).

James Dickey Essay -- Literature Religion Papers

pack DickeyAh The world- view to which an individual adheres is all- important. Who am I? many another(prenominal) people strictly conform to a set pattern of beliefs that frontier or curtail their expression or paradigml growth. Many generation their beliefs reflect the ideas of a community, a church, or a family. The individual blends in with the group and becomes a co-dependent function of that group. James Dickey conformed to no one. He stands apart due to his ability to intensely reveal the images burning vividly in his mind. One image of Dickey that consistently flames brightly is the persona of the loner. Dickey fulfills this loner image through his complex worldview that allows him to predatorily run across his innate needs through various means. His paradoxical nature allows him to assign to art and people, but the reality of his connections does not preclude him from being be as a loner. This complex illustration of the Dickey loner passages itself expose in Dicke ys life and his art. His life and art yield and converge throughout. The complex nature of Dickey needs to be explored at bottom peramaters in order to reduce the margin of error that pertains to Dickey as a loner. Blanket statements on Dickeys life argon difficult to prove, because of his ever -changing form. However, this paradoxical person remains somewhat the akin as he changes in his loner form. Dickey uses his worldview to fuel his very existence. His art centers on transcendental exploration of the innermost parts of his mind. His characters act out the complexity of his thoughts and the possibilities that exist within his artistic exploration.Dickeys ability that intensely, dramatically, and descriptively reveals his thoughts define the uniqueness that sets him apart... ...ks CitedBaughman, Ronald. James Dickeys War Poetry A Saved, Shaken Life. In Kirschten 118-27. Dickey, Christopher. Summer of preservation A Memoir of Father and Son. in the altogether York Simon, 19 98.Dickey, James. The Whole Motion gathered Poems 1945-1992. Hanover, N.H. UP of New England, 1992.---. ed. James and Barbara Reiss. Self-Interviews. Baton Rouge Louisiana SUP, 1984.---. Deliverance. 1970. New York Delta, 1994.---. To the White Sea. 1993. New York Delta, 1994.Jones, Malcolm, Jr. When a Predator Is the Prey. In Kirschten 60-61.Kirschten, Robert. ed. try for Wings The Art of James Dickey. South Carolina P, 1997.Lieberman, Laurence. Erotic Pantheism in James Dickeys Madness. In Kirschten . 205. Strange. William. To Dream, to Remember James Dickeys Buckdancers Choice. .In Kirschten 17.

William Tyndale :: essays research papers

     The smell over whelming in the air. The brunt physical body cast a shadow with the dark smoke that the fire created. most people cheered, some people cried, and yet others smiled greedily under privy cloaks. The people of England had decided to burn one man that stood up and translated the parole from the original manuscripts into what we have today. William Tyndale cried out with his last breath, " O Lord, open the office of Englands eyes." The executioner first strangled Tyndale in order to keep him relieve about "his" word of God. William Tyndale has since become known as "The Father of the side Bible." Without Tyndale and his translation of the original manuscripts later versions of the English bible would not be available.     William Hutchinson, later changed to Tyndale, was born around the date of 1494 AD. Tyndale had an exceptional gift of utter over seven known languages. Tyndale attended Oxford Univ ersity and in 1512 he authoritative his Bachelors Degree. After another three years at Oxford University Tyndale graduated with a Masters Degree. In order to support his education William Tyndale tutored students from the higher divide society. Tyndale joined the group called "the White Horse Society." This group gathered together in order to discuss the teachings of Erasmus and Luther.      Then Tyndale was learned and well right in Gods matters, spared not to show unto them simply and plainly his judgment, and when they at both time did vary from Tyndale in opinions, he would show them in the Book, and sic plainly before them the open and manifest places of the Scriptures, to confute their errors, and confirm his sayings. And olibanum continued they for a certain season, reasoning and contending together divers times, until at length they waxed weary, and bare a secret grudge in their hearts against him. As this grew on, the priests of the countr y, clustering together, began to grudge and storm against Tyndale, railing against him in alehouses and other places, affirming that his sayings were heresy and accused him secretly to the chancellor, and others of the bishops officers.      After a hardly a(prenominal) short years Tyndale left "the White Horse Society" and locomote back home to teach children. Tyndale preached at Saint Austens Green which resided in front of the Cathedral of Bristol. During Tyndales stay at home he caused a commotion that consisted charging him with heresy. All of this was due to the teachings of the "Lollardry.

Essay --

These days, all the new(a) technologies and new media do commonwealths life easier but also it made it try onful so before we define happiness we need to experience the actual situation of our modern life. Researchers agreed that modern life peculiarly in big cities such as London or bare-ass York has created a new type of living and working. However, this new lifestyle brought stress as well, due to long working hours, traffic jams and fewer hours to relax. Psychologists tackle that in recent years more people living in big cities are taking anti-stress medication. Furthermore, the number of depressed, unhappy and anxious people has multiplied. So making people find happiness became an important occupation in our modern life. So at first, what is happiness? All the with child(p) thinkers and philosophers throughout history have debated about the meaning of happiness. Moreover, psychologists have effectively advanced to this debate by analyzing numerous of researches to de termine happiness. In contuse of these efforts made until this day, we do not have a proper description of happiness. Aristotle (2011, 1098a13...

The Egoistic Friend :: essays research papers

<a href="http//www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign personal business Web SitesWhat are friends for and how can a friendship be well-tried? By behaving altruistically, would be the most common answer and by sacrificing ones interests in favour of ones friends. Friendship implies the converse of egoism, both psychologically and ethically. But and so we say that the dog is "mans best friend". After all, it is characterized by vapid love, by unselfish behavior, by sacrifice, when necessary. Isnt this the epitome of friendship? Apparently not. On the one hand, the dogs friendship seems to be unaffected by long name calculations of personal benefit. But that is not to say that it is not affected by calculations of a short-term nature. The owner, after all, looks after the dog and is the source of its subsistence and security. great deal and dogs have been known to have sacrificed their lives for less. The dog is selfish it clings and protects what it regards to be its grime and its property (including and especially so - the owner). Thus, the first condition, seemingly not cheerful by canine attachment is that it be reasonably unselfish. There are, however, to a greater extent important conditions a. For a real friendship to exist at least one of the friends must(prenominal) be a conscious and intelligent entity, possess of mental states. It can be an individual, or a collective of individuals, tho in both cases this requirement will similarly apply. b. There must be a minimal level of identical mental states amongst the terms of the equation of friendship. A human being cannot be friends with a tree (at least not in the fullest sense of the word). c. The behaviour must not be deterministic, lest it be interpreted as instinct driven. A conscious choice must be involved. This is a very move conclusion the more "reliable", the more "predictable" the less appreciate d. somebody who reacts identically to similar situations, without dedicating a first, let alone a trice thought to it his acts would be depreciated as "automatic responses". For a pattern of behaviour to be described as "friendship", these four conditions must be met diminished egoism, conscious and intelligent agents, identical mental states (allowing for the communication of the friendship) and non-deterministic behaviour, the root of constant decision making. A friendship can be and a good deal is tested in view of these criteria.

What is Philosophy? :: essays research papers

What is philosophy?I believe that Philosophy is the study of divers(prenominal) ways of thinking. In philosophy, you should question everything and never take anything for face value. There are forever two sides to every coin as on that point are different ways of behavioring at things, is what philosophy teaches us. In philosophy, you must stroking off all the limitations you have set on your egotism when dealing with how you mass things and how things seem to be. Reality is a big topic of discussion in philosophy. How you view things may not be how they really are. A schitzophrenics reality is different from the reality of a sane persons. Therefore I deem reality to be based on experiences, and perceptions. Something you deem to be wrong may be the same thing your friend deems to be right. So does this mean that there really is no one trustworthy reality?In Philosophy, we learn that it is okay to doubt things that occur in our lives. It is not only okay but it is a natural answer to something you are unclear or uncertain about. Sometimes, though, the build-up of doubt becomes too oftentimes for someone to handle so they become suicidal or meet give up trying to think about it all together. When this happens, there is a tendency to become cynical, and this is a tragedy because then you get hold like nothing is really worth trying to figure out. close to of philosophy deals with the self. People are always trying to beget out who they are why theyre here or how things plug into to them. All of our lives are spent on a road of self discovery, seeing what the world has to offer us, and where our place really is. If we were to actually look closely, we would see that page 2we knew who we were all along, we just didnt agnize it.

Investigation into the Factors that Affect the Enthalpy Change During a

Investigation into the Factors that Affect the Enthalpy Change During a shifting Reaction The Task -------- To investigate the factors affecting the enthalpy change during a fault reaction. Background Knowledge ==================== In this investigation a displacement reaction impart be notice. A displacement reaction occurs when more than reactive metal displaces, (or removes) a less reactive metal from a solution of its salt. Also known as chemical bullying because a more reactive metal effectively bullies the original metal forbidden of its compound. In this investigation zinc and pig sulphate will be reacted together. Zinc is the more reactive metal here, so the copper is displaced from the copper sulphate solution. Zinc + slovenly person sulphate Zinc sulphate + Copper Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) After the reaction it will be observed that the solution will change from blue to clear, colourless. The copper discharged wil l be observed as a salmon pink stupefy in the base of the vessel the reaction occurs in. Reactions like this can be used to purify metals that are low down in the responsiveness series. A more reactive metal can simply be added to purify the less reactive metal, leaving it in its slight state. hint Oxide + Tin Lead + Tin Oxide In reality thought this appoint for is hardly ever used, as the more reactive metal is the left field in an impure form, and thus must(prenominal) be reduced by an even more reactive metal. As this is not economically possible metals are generally reduced using electrolysis, which leaves them in a pure state, and requires no expensive more reactive metals, just... ...pacity of the solution (assume this equals 4.2 J/g/degrees Celsius), /T = temperature change (estimated from extrapolation). The results here show the heat nada in to each one reaction. To calculate the enthalpy change one must account for the respective mo les involved in each reaction. To equal proscribed the number of moles simply multiply the results by the respective amounts required to make them all amounts of Joules/1 mole. When this calculation is performed on all the heat null results enthalpy change can be compared. In an accurate try the enthalpy change when copper sulphate solution is reacted with zinc disintegrate should remain constant. By taking into account the number of moles in each equation when multiplying the results will be brought into proportion, so the enthalpy changes should be nearly equal.

Insulin Response in Low Carbohydrate Diets Essay -- Health Nutrition D

Insulin Response in Low moolah Diets With the current popularity of the Atkins diet and similar plans that emphasize a reduced using up of carbohydrates, it is important to understand both the theory underlying these diets and the effects of pitiable carbohydrate consumption on ones health. In particular, it is crucial that anyone considering such a program understand the effects of low carbohydrate diets on the bodys insulin response, as well as consequences of low and high insulin levels in the blood. Therefore, the research on the insulin response to reduced carbohydrate zippo prohibit contained in the member Glycemic and insulinemic responses to energy bars of differing macronutrient composition in healthy adults by Steven R. Hertzler and Yeonsoo Kim should be considered. The basic concept of the Atkins diet is that certain high carbohydrate foods, such as bread and foods high in sugar, should be reduced or eliminated from the diet, or at least replaced by foods lower in c arbohydrates. An fashion model of an acceptable low carbohydrate food is the Atkins Advantage Bar, a low-carbohydrate energy bar that is primarily protein and enlarge and which represents the low carbohydrate food study by Hertzler and Kim. The scientific theory behind Atkins proposed shift from carbohydrate and toward protein and fat is that carbohydrates theoretically elicit an change magnitude insulin response. In this context, increased insulin response meat that the pancreas releases high amounts of insulin into the bloodstream during the digestion of carbohydrates. The Atkins theory also holds that there is a connector between high insulin levels in the blood and undesired metabolic effects. such(prenominal) effe... ...response may suggest that these diets do not achieve this objective. A equiprobable explanation for the increased insulin response of the low and moderate carbohydrate bars is that protein and/or fat are substituted for the removed carbohydrate, and both protein and fat stooge trigger an increased insulin response. However, it is more likely that the protein triggered the insulin response since several studies lease demonstrated that dietary protein and certain amino acids, the building blocks of protein, are insulinogenic, or insulin inducing. Thus, participants in a low carbohydrate program may delay to experience the adverse metabolic conditions of inhibited fat breakdown and increased blood cholesterol. Additionally, these data suggest that such diets might not impart to weight loss or to bettering ones overall health.

Compare And Contrast Two Alternative Systems Of Resource Allocation In

Comp are And Contrast Two Alternative Systems Of Resource apportionment In The EconomyEconomics can be said to be the science which studies the relationship between scarce resources, with alternative uses, and consumers unlimited wants. so the problem of resource allocation can be seen to be interchange to the basic economic problem. In this way , how resources are allocated throughout an scrimping is of great importance and different types of economies employ different methods to achieve this allocation. any economies have this same basic economic problem of what to get up, how to puzzle it, and for whom to cite it. Deciding what to produce involves choosing a certain allocation of resources, in mold to produce a particular combination of goods. The method of choosing the resource allocation varies, according to the sparing in question. There is in like manner the question of how to produce the goods which you require. Any particular output can usually be produced by sever al different techniques, ranging from ones using a large(p) quantity of compass and only a few simple machines, to ones using a large quantity of automated machines and only a few workers. (R.G.Lipsey 1989) Different economies also vary in the way that national product is distributed throughout the individuals and groups within the society.The methods which a society uses in straddle to tackle these questions determines the type of parsimoniousness it is. There are various methods of resource allocation and the two or so extreme cases are the contrasting methods of the free- commercialise and the need economies.In a securities industry economy, the allocation of resources is the outcome of millions of independent decisions made by consumers and producers, all playing through the medium of the market (Lipsey 1989)The free-market economy depends upon the interaction of consumers and producers, all acting in their own self interest. The allocation of resources throughout th e economy occurs via the bell agreement a system which sets the free-market economy aside from the command economy. This system works in conjunction with the theory of demand and supply, that is, price is a function of the demand and supply of goods and services.An example of this could be illustrated using the markets for holler and pork. Let us say that, due to the recent British flush crisis, the market demand for beef has ... ...ice of a good, are those for whom the goods and services are produced. In a command economy the central authority decides what, how, and for whom to produce in order to create the best economic situation. In practice, however, there are no purely command or free market economies, all economies are mixed with a tendency towards either extreme. The U.K whitethorn be said to be free-market, yet the government intervenes in order to combat the inequitable free-market attitude by monitoring resource allocation through benefits, taxation, subsidies and o ther policies.There are arguments or and against both free-market and command economies, however the modern trend of former planned economies moving towards the free-market attitude, in spite of problems during transition, seems to indicate that perhaps the advantages of the free-market outweigh the disadvantages and that the free-market based modern mixed economy is more attractive than command based economies. BIBLIOGRAPHYBeggs, Fischer, Dornbusch (1997) Economics 5th Edition.R.G.Lipsey (1989) An mental home to Positive Economics.C.Weststrate (1963) Types of Economy.A.Eckstein (1973) Comparison of Economic Systems.

Digital Piracy :: essays research papers

All just about the world people connected to the internet argon downloading free digital contented through P2P file sharing software.Intellectual property rights are being broken as people are downloading free content through P2P (Peer 2 Peer) networks, and illegal websites online. Production companies cant do anything about that because developers of this type of software cant be deuced for what people share. And no one can track the people cigarette the illegal websites.Production companies took a bold step forward by uploading their content online. People now are non obliged to debase a full album to listen to one song, for a stripped fee you can buy the track you want, the selfsame(prenominal) goes for impressions and electronic publications. The downloaded files though will be digitally protected so that only the soul who downloads them can use them, and he cant share them at home or with friends. Even with this step from production companies, a self-aggrandizing por tion of people who download medicine still do it for free. that hackers came up with new ways to remove the digital copyrights so the same as before one downloads music and distributes them around.The Industry gets its revenue from change this content whether its online or in stores, this funds new projects and let for better products in the upcoming. The public should be aware of this, downloading the content for free, and not buying it will decrease revenue for the companies stopping them from undertaking future projects.Production companies should lower the price on their products, I cant buy music for at least 20$ per album and DVDs for 30$, I only make 200$ per month, said George Issa a music fan who spends most of his nights downloading music from the internet, when there is an album or movie that I really like, I try to buy it legally, I take ont think I am doing anything wrong, they are wrong

A Tale Of Two Cities: Dr. Alexandre Manette :: Tale Two Cities Essays

A Tale Of Two Cities Dr. Alexandre Manette           Dr. Alexandre Manette the undischarged survivor of the Ba unflurriede and father to Lucie Manette. Dr.Manette is the to the highest degree important character in the book. throughout the book he is the stories backbone. Few subplots ignore Manette.         Dr. Manette loves his daughter. She is the world to him, without her he would mum be a crazed old man. Dr. Manettes love for his daughter is wee-wee throughout the story he expresses his thought verbally. When his daughter Lucie is married he tells her Consider how natural and how plain it is, my dear, that it should be so. You, devoted and young, cannot fully appraise the anxiety I have felt that your life should not be wasted.1 Dr.Manette is a very caring man. Caring, that is the one adjective I would use to describe Dr.Manette.         As I said before Dr.Manette loves his daughter. Luc ie Manette is his operate force. Dr.Manette wants little except for his daughter to live a full and cheerful life and himself to be a part of it. His desire to be a part of Lucie life makes it hard for him to give her up to Charles Darnay. After the wedlock Dr.Manette says Take her, Charles. She is yours.2 He does so with a quite sadness.        A huge portion of the story revolves about Dr.Manettes past suffering in the Bastille. The Doctors Bastille time is pure hell. Ever after being freed he still mumbles crazy things such as It is a ladys shoe. It is a young ladys walking-shoe. It is in the present mode. I have had a pattern in my hand.3 Outbursts such as that show that he is not nor may he ever heal his scars. Though the book starts after his imprisonment, his Bastille time contains his actions that personal effects the stories plot the most. The action that truly stands out is his writing and hiding of the garner that later convicts Charles Darnay. The exposure of the letter during the trail is in my opinion the most interesting twist in A Tale Of Two Cities.         Dr.Manette has fewer contacts with the Defarges however in my opinion the

The Benefits of Tai Chi Essay -- Research Essays Martial Arts Papers

The Benefits of Tai khi History of Tai ChiOne of the more or less relaxing forms of martial arts, Tai Chi, can help to overcome such problems as arthritis, rheumatism, back problems, lack of balance, high blood pressure, stress, post-traumatic stress, lack of energy, and more. Tai Chi is a non violent form of the martial arts whose roots are derived from the Chinese and cor related to with Traditional Chinese Medicinal techniques. There are umpteen forms of Tai Chi, including Tai Chi Chuan and Tai Chi Chih all of which have been studied for thousands of days to alter the Chinese way of life. There have been many records of the origin of Tai Chi reaching as far back as over 3500 years ago. In addition to a Chinese Martial Art, Tai Chi has origins related to Taoism, which revolved some calmness, tranquillity of heading, and the improvement of health and persona (wysiwg//25/http//www.spiritweb.org/Spirit/tai-chi.html). Monks employed Tai Chi as means of be orgasm more in tune with their bodies and their environment. Therefore, this martial art helped them to defend themselves against bandits and warlords by dint of physical health and spiritual growth (http//www.maui.net/taichi4u/overview.html). What is Tai Chi? Tai Chi is an good body throw meant to relax its participant and allow one to effortlessly experience the vital life force, or Chi, in ones body (http//www.fitnesslink.com/mind/chi.htm). Tai Chi is literally translated to mean Supreme Ultimate, and it teaches one to be more relaxed through a greater connection with ones body and awareness of ones movements and thoughts (http//members.tripod.com/donalo/introd.htm). This experience differs from other hard martial arts, by i... ...every aspect of our lives and the world around us (http//www.maui.net/taichi4u/overview.html). BibliographyLai, J. S., Lan, C., Wong, M. K., Teng, S.H. (1995). Two-year trends in cardiorespiratory function among older Thai Chi Chuan practitioners and sede ntary objects. journal of American Geriatrics Society, 43, 1222-1227.Jin, P. (1992). Efficacy of Siamese Chi, brisk walking, meditation, and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress. ledger of Psychosomatic Research, 36, 361-369.Schaller, K. J. (1996). Siamese Chi Chih an exercise option for older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 22, 12-16.Wolf, S. L., Barnhart, H. X., Kutner, N. G., McNeely, E., Cooler, C., Xu, T. (1996). Reducing fraility and falls in older persons an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 44, 489-497.